Table 1 Differentiation culture medium

Osteogenesis

Low glucose a-MEM (Gibco, USA)

10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA)

0.1uM dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

10 mM β-glycerolphosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

0.2 mM ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

Chondrogenesis

Low glucose a-MEM (Gibco, USA)

0.1 uM dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

50 μg/mL AsA, 100 μg/mL sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

40 μg/mL proline (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

10 ng/mL TGF-1 (Invitrogen, USA)

50 mg/mL ITS⁺ premix (Becton Dickinson, USA)

Adipogenesis

Low glucose a-MEM (Gibco, USA)

0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

1 μM hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

0.1 mM indomethacin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)

10% rabbit serum (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)